Bone Health 101

Understanding the effects of Michigan winters on arthritis

By Samir Jamil, MD

Arthritis, in simple terms, refers to the swelling of one or more joints. While many medical conditions can cause arthritis, in this article, we will focus on the two most common types: osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent form of arthritis, affecting over 30 million Americans. It occurs when the cartilage between the bones in a joint breaks down due to wear and tear, causing the bone beneath it to undergo changes. These changes can worsen over time, leading to pain, stiffness, and swelling in the joint. The joints most commonly affected by osteoarthritis are the hands, hips, and knees.

Overuse of a joint over an extended period can contribute to osteoarthritis. Age is a significant risk factor for both men and women, with older individuals being more likely to develop this condition. Additionally, being overweight can put extra strain on joints, especially the hips and knees, increasing the risk of osteoarthritis. Genetics and race also play a role in the development of the disease.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is more severe than osteoarthritis and is an autoimmune disease affecting over 1.3 million Americans. It is more common in women than men and typically develops between the ages of 30 and 50, though it can occur at any age. RA causes joint pain, stiffness (especially in the morning), and swelling. It often affects small joints in the hands and feet but can also impact other organs. In some cases, RA leads to firm lumps under the skin, particularly in the hands and elbows.

During a physical exam, a doctor will check for signs of RA, including joint swelling, redness, warmth, and limited mobility. To confirm the diagnosis, laboratory tests—such as blood, urine, and joint fluid tests—are necessary. Imaging studies like X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, or ultrasounds are also important for diagnosing RA and assessing the extent of joint damage.

The specific treatment for arthritis depends on the type, cause, and severity of the condition. For many patients, arthritis (particularly osteoarthritis and RA) worsens in cold, damp weather, leading to increased pain, swelling, and stiffness in the affected joints.

Cold Weather and Arthritis

As temperatures drop, the fluid in the joints becomes thicker, contributing to increased stiffness and pain. Additionally, cold and damp weather often brings lower barometric pressure, which can cause the soft tissues surrounding the joints to expand. This expansion puts additional pressure on nerves, resulting in more pain. Cold weather can also cause muscles around the joints to tighten, further exacerbating pain and stiffness.

In osteoarthritis, the damage to cartilage exposes sensitive nerve endings, making individuals more sensitive to changes in temperature and pressure. To alleviate pain and stiffness during the winter, it’s essential to dress warmly from head to toe, use heating pads (for no more than 20 minutes at a time), or apply hot water bottles to painful joints. Other helpful remedies include frequent warm baths or showers, gentle exercises like walking or swimming, staying well-hydrated to keep joints lubricated, and consuming anti-inflammatory foods such as those rich in omega-3 fatty acids.

Medication for pain relief should be considered a last resort, after consulting with a primary care professional.

Conclusion

For individuals suffering from arthritis, Michigan’s harsh winter months can be particularly challenging. Understanding how cold weather affects the joints and taking proactive steps to manage pain and stiffness can help improve quality of life. While medications may be necessary in some cases, lifestyle changes, such as dressing warmly, staying active, and eating an anti-inflammatory diet, can go a long way in managing arthritis symptoms during the colder months. If symptoms persist or worsen, it is important to seek professional medical advice to explore treatment options and ensure optimal care.